![]() ![]() Inactivation of these genes, through loss-of function mutations or silencing, indeed results in resistance (referred to as mlo-based resistance) in several plant species. Specific homologs of the MLO gene family act as susceptibility factors towards fungi causing the powdery mildew (PM) disease, worldwide spread and causing severe losses in agricultural settings. ![]() Following the completion of plant genome sequencing projects, a number of homologs varying from 12 to 19 has been identified in the MLO gene families of diploid species, namely Arabidopsis, rice, grapevine, cucumber, peach, woodland strawberry and sorghum. The plant Mildew Locus O (MLO) gene family codes for proteins harboring seven transmembrane domains and a calmodulin-binding site, topologically reminiscent of metazoan and fungal G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver () applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. #Clc sequence viewer color code selected residue licenseOpen Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 BnlVled CBntf3l International License (), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and * Correspondence: UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research Centre,ĭroevendaalsestPB, Wageningen, The NetherlandsĥDepartment of Soil, Plant and Food Science, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy Fulllist of author information is available at the end of the article Keywords: MLO, Powdery mildew, Angiosperms, Evolution, Plant breeding These represent ideal targets for future approaches of reverse genetics, addressed to the selection of loss-of-function resistant mutants in cultivated species. Moreover, we provide an overview of MLO protein molecular features predicted to play a major role in PM susceptibility. With respect to breeding research, we show that transgenic complementation assays involving phylogenetically distant plant species can be used for the characterization of novel MLO susceptibility genes. Finally, through histological observations, we demonstrate that both monocot and dicot susceptibility alleles of the MLO genes predispose to penetration of a non-adapted PM fungal species in plant epidermal cells.Ĭonclusions: With this study, we provide insights on the evolution and function of MLO genes involved in the interaction with PM fungi. In both cases, we observed restoration of PM symptoms. To this aim, we transformed a tomato mutant impaired for the endogenous SIMLO1 gene, and therefore resistant to the tomato PM species Oidium neolycopersici, with heterologous MLO susceptibility genes from the monocot barley and the dicot pea. We also tested whether different molecular features between monocot and dicot MLO proteins are specifically required by PM fungal species to cause pathogenesis. Many of them appear to be the result of negative selection and thus are likely to provide an adaptive value. Results: Our results show that monocot and dicot MLO susceptibility proteins evolved class-specific conservation patterns. Transgenic complementation tests were performed for functional analysis. Methods: A bioinformatic approach was followed to study the type of evolution of Angiosperm MLO susceptibility proteins. Previous studies indicated that monocot and dicot MLO susceptibility proteins are phylogenetically divergent. Michela Appiano1, Domenico Catalano2, Miguel Santillan Martinez1, Concetta Lotti3, Zheng Zheng4, Richard G F Visser1, Luigi Ricciardi5, Yuling Bai1* and Stefano Pavan5*īackground: Specific members of the plant Mildew Locus O (MLO) protein family act as susceptibility factors towards powdery mildew (PM), a worldwide-spread fungal disease threatening many cultivated species. Monocot and dicot MLO powdery mildew ® susceptibility factors are functionally conserved in spite of the evolution of class-specific molecular features ![]()
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